International and comparative criminal justice Essay

Global and similar criminal equity - Essay Example This is the manner in which things ought to be. It is unsuitable for the police to defile prove or acquire it through pressure. Be that as it may, its genuine prohibition should rest at the carefulness of an appointed authority. This is the right law and is followed in numerous precedent-based law wards, while it is less predominant in common law locales. Over the span of this article the basis for this standard will be inspected as will various cases and rules identifying with it. It is first critical to talk about setting. Wrongdoing has been an awful part of human presence from the earliest starting point of time. Every progress and nation has needed to decide a technique for managing it inside their own ethical vision. Various ways to deal with managing wrongdoing originate from various qualities frameworks. Everybody is extraordinary and has faith in various things. For individuals that accept a criminal is a result of his condition and isn't by and by liable for carrying out of wrongdoing, all things considered, assets will be utilized on recovery and treatment. Detainment will assume a less significant job. In any case, for the individuals who accept people are liable for the things that they do and that on the off chance that they mean to carry out wrongdoings they ought to be rebuffed, the accentuation is probably going to be on rebuffing or keeping the crook. These various qualities assume a job in deciding how proof is prohibited. These two different ways of managing wrongdoing can be separated into two models. One will probably avoid defiled proof so as to protect the human privileges of the crook, the subsequent model would be substantially less liable to prohibit evidence1. The first is the well known fair treatment model present in most created nations. The principle thought of this model is that an individual ought not be denied of their human rights, regardless of whether unmistakably the person has carried out a horrendous wrongdoing. To place somebody in jail is to remove the criminal’s right to freedom. That is an intense thing. The procedure must be investigated to guarantee that everything is gotten done right. At its heart the fair treatment model is the possibility that the framework would prefer to see ten blameworthy individuals go free than one honest individual in jail. The consequence of this model is numerous long stretches of meticulous work checking proof and quite a while line of the legal dispute moving gradually through the framework. Since, verifiably, the legitimate framework railroaded people by planting bogus proof and by mishandling human rights, we should be cautious when inspecting proof. Allowing polluted proof into the legitimate framework would urge law requirement officials to submit unlawful acts. The fair treatment model would unequivocally contend to prohibit proof got over the span of a maltreatment of human rights. The second perspective on equity in regards to prove is the wrongdo ing control model. This model puts a high incentive on locking up liable individuals. Its point is to secure society and it attempts to do this by keeping the same number of individuals as it can as fast as possible. Regularly, in this model more cash is spent on policing and deflecting and arraigning hoodlums as fast as could reasonably be expected with the goal that the police and examiners can begin again rapidly on the following gathering of lawbreakers. On the off chance that it happens that a guiltless individual is

Class and Its Derivatives

Class and Its Derivatives Class and Its Derivatives Class and Its Derivatives By Mark Nichol The Latin thing classis, which means â€Å"category† or â€Å"fleet† or alluding to a gathering of residents called up for military obligation, is the wellspring of the word class and others got from it, which are recorded and characterized in this post. In instructive settings, class relates to a gathering of understudies (regardless of whether those tried out a specific course or in a similar evaluation level), a course of guidance, or a gathering of such a course. From a financial perspective, it alludes to a layer of social remaining, in science it indicates a degree of association of living things, and when all is said in done it alludes to a classification. The action word class, which means â€Å"categorize,† is utilized in the logical and general detects, and the word fills in as a descriptor, remembering for the colloquialism â€Å"class act,† which offers an extra significance comparable to the modifier tasteful, which means â€Å"elegant,† â€Å"refined,† â€Å"skillful,† or â€Å"well mannered.† The descriptive words top of the line and below average actually relate to a high and a moderate nature of facilities during movement, individually, and metaphorically indicate prevalence and mediocrity, separately. (High-class and low-class are proportional to the last implications.) The things â€Å"upper class† (relating to the rich), â€Å"middle class† (those carrying on with a moderate way of life), and â€Å"lower class† (those with low salaries or none by any means) likewise fill in as descriptive words. â€Å"Leisure class† alludes to individuals well off enough that they are not required to work professionally. â€Å"Working class† portrays individuals utilized in occupations that don't really require advanced education as a business capability. (Underclass is comparable in significance.) The insulting, stooping articulation â€Å"chattering classes† suggests political rivals who express what are viewed as good for nothing conclusions. Terms identified with training with the root class incorporate schoolmate, alluding to one joined up with a similar course or evaluation level, and study hall, indicating a room utilized for guidance. An upperclassman is an understudy in one of the two higher evaluation levels in auxiliary or postsecondary instruction (frequently recognized as a lesser or senior), and an underclassman has a remaining in one of the two lower levels (a first year recruit or a sophomore.) (The female counterparts upperclasswoman and underclasswoman are uncommon.) A few terms dependent on class imply a high caliber of aesthetic accomplishment. Exemplary, as a thing or a descriptive word, implies something definitive or commonplace, or since a long time ago thought to be a model of incredible accomplishment or high caliber, however by augmentation it presently portrays anything significant, regardless of whether only in light of the fact that it is profoundly interesting or unexpected. (â€Å"Did you see her outing and fall into her wedding cake? That was classic!†) â€Å"The classics† portrays either the surviving works of observed Greek and Roman essayists or an indistinct group of later writing that the individuals who guarantee to be educated ought to be familiar with. A style of engineering or craftsmanship, including writing, that brings to mind the qualities of conclusion Greek or Roman accomplishments is alluded to as elegance. Neoclassicism is a tasteful structure impacted by style, and postclassicism signifies one that follows a period comprehended to be one of elegance. (The descriptive structures are traditional, neoclassical, and postclassical.) Classical music is a type of complex melodic articulation as particular from easier music, for example, people or jazz. As far as quality or social layers, different words got from class incorporate classism, which means â€Å"discrimination dependent on class,† just as uncouth, which can allude either to an absence of advancement thought to be the aftereffect of being brought up in a sub-par class (dã ©classã © is an equivalent word for this sense received straightforwardly from French) or to somebody who lives outside of class-based injuries or to opportunity from class qualifications. Words relating to arrangement incorporate the action word order and the descriptive word characterized, which just methods â€Å"arrange into classes† but on the other hand is a piece of the standing expression â€Å"classified ads† (some of the time shortened to â€Å"classifieds), which alludes to commercials separated into classifications; the modifier likewise depicts something sorted as being of limited to a specific crowd, for example, an administration report. Something that can be characterized is classifiable, and classificatory portrays something relating to grouping. To dominate is to beat somebody viewed as in a similar class, and a subclass is a further division of a classification. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Creative Writing 101Top 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad)â€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most†

Economic Outlook Forecast Research Assignment - 1925 Words

Economic Outlook Forecast Research Assignment (Research Paper Sample) Content: Economic Outlook ForecastNameInstitutionIntroductionThe U.S economy had been subjected to various headwinds in the last decade (FocusEconomics, 2017). FocusEconomics (2017) argue that during that period it was impossible to predict the amount of time that the U.S economy would take to realize full recovery. The economic headwinds have hindered the full recovery of the U.S economy causing a much slower output growth that what was expected by the previous economic projections (FocusEconomics, 2017). However, the growth of the U.S economy is projected to be gradual and persistent over the subsequent decade. The U.S economy would be expected to bring unemployment rate down while returning the macroeconomic variables to a more sustainable and stable position (FocusEconomics, 2017). This paper aims to provide an economic outlook forecast for the economy of the United States. The paper focusses on analyzing the history of various changes in GDP, investment, savings, unemploy ment and real interest rates in the U.S economy, as well as comparing that history to the economic projections for the next five years.Analysis of the History of Changes in GDP, Real Interest Rates, Savings, Investment and UnemploymentDespite the fact that the U.S economy is facing challenges and obstacles at the lowest domestic level such as global landscapes, the economy still retains its reputation as the largest economy worldwide (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013), the U.S economy is still greater than the Chinese economy. Indeed, since the year 2012 through the year 2016, the GDP of the U.S economy has gradually increased every year (FocusEconomics, 2017). According to FocusEconomics (2017), the GDP per capita (USD) was 51386 and 57436 in the year 2012 and 2016 respectively. The gradual increase in GDP in the U.S economy has been realized through the adoption of modern technology by most companies. In fact, the U.S economy has dominated in various areas including technology, healthcare services, and financial services among many others (FocusEconomics, 2017).The U.S GDP is projected to increase slowly in the next five years (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in the United States expects a gradual growth of GDP at a rate of 2.6 percent per annum. The BLS states that the impact of recessions will hinder potential growth. In particular, factors such as demographic shifts would moderate the growth rate of the U.S economy as far as the GDP is concerned. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013), the U.S GDP would reach $17.6 trillion by the end of the year 2022.The unemployment rate has been decreasing gradually since the year 2012 through 2016 (FocusEconomics, 2017). According to FocusEconomics (2017), the unemployment rate was 8.1% and 4.9% in the year 2012 and 2016 respectively. However, in the year 2012, the unemployment rate in the United States was at its peak after the business were disrupted by hurricanes Irma and Harvey in Florida and Texas (FocusEconomics, 2017). FocusEconomics (2017), states that the hurricanes contributed to the loss of more than 33000 jobs for non-farm payrolls. However, the unemployment rate started reducing from the year 2011 through 2016.The unemployment rate in the United States is expected to continue reducing (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013) argues that the reason as to why the unemployment rate would reduce is because the federal government is creating new job opportunities every year. The rate of unemployment is projected to reduce slowly at a manageable position if there would be no severe hurricanes in the next five years (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013).Nonresidential investment has suffered recession in the past ten years (FocusEconomics, 2017). Specifically, in 1990s, the nonresidential investment was growing at a rate of 6.9 percent annually. However, the gro wth of nonresidential investment faced some challenges such as dot-com bubble bursts that contributed to rapid decrease in the growth of nonresidential investment (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). In particular, the recession brought by the dot-com bubble bursts took effect between March and November 2001. From the year 2012 to 2012, the nonresidential investment decreased resulting to recessions that made most business owners reluctant to invest in some new equipment and structures. Only the investments that deal in computers and software did not suffer from the recession (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013).The investment rate is expected to grow at a rate of 7.6 percent per annum through 2022 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013), the federal government has invested in nonresidential investment such as schools, medical facilities, factories and offices to curb any form of recession that would affect the growth rate of investment (B ureau of Labor Statistics, 2013).With regard to residential investment, the U.S economy has realized a rapid growth in residential investment (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). In fact, the residential investment has played a significant role in the recovery of recessions facing the U.S economy. The population in the United States has grown tremendously resulting to high demand for housing. The demand of housing has created several jobs in the construction industry (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013).Real interest rates have been experiencing a gradual growth since 2012 through 2016 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). The CBOs Director also testified that the real interest rates are expected to increase through the year 2022 (FocusEconomics, 2017). FocusEconomics (2017) remarks that the CBOS Director stated that before the Senate Budget Committee when preparing the economic projections for the federal budget. Additionally, the CBO project remarked that interest rates imposed on fede ral borrowing would also rise gradually in the next five years (FocusEconomics, 2017).How Government Policies Influence Economic GrowthThere are two major government policies that could influence economic growth. These government policies include the monetary policy and fiscal policy (FocusEconomics, 2017). The monetary policy regulates the changes in the interest rates and determine how the changes affect the supply of money (FocusEconomics, 2017).The government might lower the interest rates while increasing the supply of money to encourage economic growth and increase spending. However, this strategy would lead to inflation. The government could also increase interest rates while lowering the money supply to discourage spending in the events of too much inflation (FocusEconomics, 2017). Specifically, the U.S Congress established the monetary policy to promote price stability and maximize employment opportunities. In the United States, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is t he body responsible for making monetary policies. One of the tasks of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) include determining the appropriate levels of interest rates (FocusEconomics, 2017).The Fiscal policy focusses on regulating government spending as well as controlling taxation to influence the aggregate demand of services and products in the U.S economy (FocusEconomics, 2017). According to FocusEconomics (2017), the U.S government might increase its spending and reduce tax in order to increase the aggregate demand of products and services in the economy. Conversely, the government of the United States might decrease federal spending and raise taxation rates in order to decrease the aggregate demand (FocusEconomics, 2017).Analysis of How the Monetary Policy Might Influence the Long-run Behavior of Inflation Rates, Price Levels, Costs, and Other Real or Nominal VariablesIn the United States, the monetary policy refers to the policies enforced by the Central bank or any other regulatory authority to determine the rate of growth and size of the economy as far as the supply of money is concerned (FocusEconomics, 2017). The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is one of the bodies responsible for making monetary policies. Essentially, the monetary policy plays a vital role in influencing the behavior of inflation rates, costs and price levels among other real or nominal variables (FocusEconomics, 2017).According to FocusEconomics (2017), the government could increase inflation by lowering interest rates while increasing money supply in the economy. Additionally, the rate of spending could also increase as a result of lowering the interest rates. The government could increase interest rates while lowering money supply in the economy to reduce inflation and discourage too much spending. When the government raises the interest rates, the price level of products and services also raises. Conversely, the price levels reduce if the government lowers the interest rates. Additionally, the costs of production increase when the government increases the interest rates. Moreover, the costs of production decreases when the government lowers the interest rates (FocusEconomics, 2017).For instance, the U.S government utilized the monetary policy to recover from economic recessions that faced the U.S economy some years back. Initially, the U.S government kept the interest rates low until the U.S economy realized an unemployment rate of 6.5 percent while the inflation rate surpassed 2.5%. The Federal funds (Fed) also utilized an unconventional policy called quantitative easing to purchase a huge sums of financial assets that aimed to increase the supply of money (FocusEconomics, 2017).How Trade Deficits or Surpluses Could Influence the Growth of Productivity and GDPTrade deficit is an economic condition whereby a country or state imports more products than it exports (Kuepper, 2016). Accordi...

Developing A Critical Evaluation Of Tobacco Control Policy

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Purpose and scope This paper has the purpose of developing a critical evaluation of tobacco control policy in Australia. It will review and describe some of the various governmental policies on tobacco, and discuss evidence that shows the impact of these policies. 1.2 Methodology Desk research was conducted by accessing relevant governmental and Commonwealth websites for legislative requirements. Information about public and private external organisations was gathered by internet research, not using specific data bank. 2.0 Tobacco control policies in Australia Tobacco smoking is one of the more prominent lifestyle behaviours contributing to health risk in Australia. Circulatory diseases health and economic†¦show more content†¦2.1 Smoke free cars At least 69 compounds derived from tobacco smoking are known carcinogens. Second-hand smoke (SHS) contains those chemicals in different proportions, exposing non-smokers to harmful conditions (American Cancer Society, 2014). Whilst adults have the choice to be exposed to SHS, children often do not have the chance of expressing their preference( American Cancer Society, 2014), especially when travelling in cars. Among other factors, breathing in SHS increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, development of asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia, meningitis, coughs and colds and otitis media (Royal College of Physicians, 2010). Most of Australians (88%) reported using a passenger vehicle to get to places other than work in 2012, such as to go shopping or visiting family and friends. Considering that children aged between 5 and 6 years old spend an average of 68 minutes/day travelling in the car (Baxter Hayes, 2012) , it is important to guard them from environmental tobacco smoke. As observed by Chapman Freeman (2007), car manufacturers operating in Australia have replaced cigarette lighters with a power source for electronic equipment and ashtrays do not exist in most models. Most European cars have abandoned the idea of having the smokers kit as well. Apart from the Northern

The Poetry Of Sylvia Plath - 1811 Words

Sylvia Plath is often described as a feminist poet who wrote about the difficulties women faced before womens right were a mainstream idea. From reading her poetry, it is quite obvious that Plaths feminism is extremely important to her, but she also wrote about a lot of day to day experiences and made them significant through her use of literary devices such as metaphors and symbols. Plath may also be best known for her autobiographical poetry written in a confessional style that appeared during the 1950s. She is considered a very important poet of the post-World War II era. She became widely known following her suicide in 1963 (Bawer). Through Sylvia Plaths poetry, readers are able to get a glimpse into her personal life. The†¦show more content†¦Although once Plath had gotten older she moved to England, certainly her time in Winthrop affected her life and poetry. Her father, Otto Plath, was a German professor of Biology, an entomologist, and also authored a book about bee s; which would later become the subject of many of Plaths later poems. Her mother, Aurelia Plath was pursuing a career in teaching when she met Sylvias father. At the age of eight, Sylvia Plath published her first poem, her father would die in Winthrop, that same year. This would be the start of her lifelong career as a poet. Plath lived and wrote in the 1950s through the 1960s in both America and England (Bawer). As a modern period poet and feminist, growing up during WWII, some of Plaths work was directly related to the issues that were developing in society at the time. After WWII, societies were often characterized by strict gender norms. Women were expected to remain safely in their homes, with being a wife and a mother as their ultimate joy and goal. Art and expression became away from women to escape the everyday pressures of society. The poem The Applicant gives a glimpse of how Plath personally felt about women‘s rights and also touched on male dominance in her marriage. Through the poem, Plath shows the struggles of young women who are taught by society to pursue marriage and feel their worth only comes from their physical beauty. The poem beginsShow MoreRelatedThe Poetry of Sylvia Plath734 Words   |  3 PagesSylvia Plaths poetry roots from her harsh life long battle with heart break, death, and depression. It is clear by her work, that life was a daily struggle for this poet. In the research of her poetry, i found one poem in particular that really interested me. My main focus was the poem Mirror. The narrator of this poem is a wall mirror. At first glance, the mirror appears to be human, based off of its qualities and descriptions. The mirror has the ability to recognize things, such as the smallRead MoreAnalysis Of Poetry By Sylvia Plath1374 Words   |  6 PagesPoetry to some is the frustration of a riddle that cannot be solved. To others, it is the joy one feels while solving the same riddle. A writer has the power to convey certain themes and ideas within a poem in a span of one line or a hundred lines. They can create the tone for the poem with the help of a single word, or a comma placed in the correct spot. With the use of figures of speech such as metaphor, a writer can give the reader images and compare different ideas that have similar qualitiesRead MoreSylvia Plath Poetry Analysis1301 Words   |  6 PagesWright, Sylvia Plath and Emily Dickenson all express their views on life and death, however, do so in varying manners. Through imagery, Wright and Plath both consider life’s beginnings, however, Wright considers it to be a beautiful gift, whereas Plath views birth as an empty burden. Subsequently, through structure Dickenson and Wright each acknowledge life, expressing how in some cases it is difficult, yet in other circumstances it is celebrated. Finally, through tone, Dickenson and Plath conveyRead MoreMy Writing Poetry By Sylvia Plath1106 Words   |  5 Pagesporing over. Spoken word poetry gave me the courage to express myself. Growing up, I had always been shy and awkward. In school, I would rather spend my time daydreaming than talking to classmates. When I was forced to socialize, whether it be by teachers or my parents, it was usually met with stammering, sweat and downturned eyes. As a result, I had trouble expressing myself and would suppress my emotions. However, that changed when I began writing poetry. My interest in poetry began in middle schoolRead MoreConfessional Poetry in The Word by Sylvia Plath Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry Essay What sets apart the poetic style of both modernism and postmodernism is that both attempted to diverge from the traditional proses of 19th century, specifically, from realism. Both also tend to form around the philosophy of subjectivity as both explore the inner emotions of characters and thus use it to develop ideas and conceptions in the reader’s mind. Experimentation is present is both modernist and postmodernist works; however, it takes on a central role in postmodern works andRead MoreSylvia Plath s Poetry And Her Sanity1075 Words   |  5 PagesSylvia Plath was an American Poet who was renowned for poetry mostly in the United States. She, however lived a difficult and depressing life which led to a few futile suicide attempts, but ultimately led to a successful suicide attempt leaving her children to live on without a mother. This end result was due to a multitude of issues in her life from Sylvia’s sanity. She wasn’t the most stable child. Her marriage a lso played a role in her suicide. Her successes weren’t acclaimed until after her deathRead MorePsychoanalytically Analyzing the Poetry of Sylvia Plath Essay1846 Words   |  8 PagesThe poetry of Sylvia Plath can be interpreted psychoanalytically. Sigmund Freud believed that the majority of all art was a controlled expression of the unconscious. However, this does not mean that the creation of art is effortless; on the contrary it requires a high degree of sophistication. Works of art like dreams have both a manifest content (what is on the surface) and latent content (the true meaning). Both dreams and art use symbolism and metaphor and thus need to be interpreted to understandRead MorePoetry Is Not Turning Loose From Emotion, By Sylvia Plath Essay1092 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluation Essay Poetry is not turning loose from emotion, rather it is an escape from emotion. It is a chance to be out of your body and express feelings from a third person perspective. Poetry is a surplus of emotion and power that is taken to paper to share with those who can relate. When you have nothing to say or don’t know how to say it – it is poetry. It can be as simple as explaining an ocean set landscape, to as complicated as explaining how you feel from the inside out. Sylvia Plath effectivelyRead MoreEssay on The Dark Life and Confessional Poetry of Sylvia Plath2207 Words   |  9 Pagespoets, who brought with them a new type of perspective within their poetry. These poets—especially those who wrote confessional poetry—established their poetry in a single, unified voice that accentuated intimate human topics such as death, sexuality, and family. An important contributor to contemporary and confessional poetry was Sylvia Plath, who employed personal aspects of her life into her style of confessional poetry. Plath suffered from a deep depression that influenced her to often write inRead MoreThe Theme of Death in Poetry by Emily Dickinson and Sylvia Plath918 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is a prevalent theme in the poetry of both Sylvia Plath and Emily Dickinson. They both examine death from varied angles. There are many similarities as well as differences in the representation of this theme in their poetry. Plath views death as a sinister and intimidating end, while Dickinson depicts death with the endearment of romantic attraction. In the poetry of Plath death is depicted traditionally, while Dickinson attributes some mysticism to the end of life. In the poem Two

Digital Signature Essay Example For Students

Digital Signature Essay Digital Signatures CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCTION 3. DESIGN PRINCIPLES EXPLANATION 3. 1. MODULES 3. 2. MODULE DESCRIPTIOIN 4. PROJECT DICTIONARY 4. 1. DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS 5. FORMS REPORTS 5. 1. I/O SAMPLES 6. BIBILIOGRAPHY 1. ABSTRACT The security of information available to an organization was primarily provided through physical and administrative means. For example, rugged file cabinets with a combination lock were used for storing sensitive documents and personnel screening procedures were employed during the hiring process. With the introduction of the computer, the need for automated tools for protecting files and other information stored on the computer became evident. This is especially the case for a shared system and the need is even more acute for a network. Computer networks were primarily used by university researches for sending e-mail, and by corporate employees for sharing printers. Under these conditions, security was not given much attention. Today, since the world is going global, and trillions of data are transferred daily across networks, security is looming on the horizon as a potentially massive problem. The generic name for the collection of tools designed to protect data and to thwart hackers is Computer Security. In the project titled â€Å"Digital Signatures† security is ensured in the Messaging System of an organization. In this application, if an employee wishes to send confidential information to another employee connected through the intranet of their organization, he first signs the message and then sends it to the recipient. He signs the message using Digital Signatures. The person who receives the message validates the sender and if the message is from an authorized employee, he reads the message. The above operation is performed using Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA). This application makes sure that the security services Authentication, Secrecy, Integrity, and Non-repudiation are provided to the user. Therefore, intruders cannot gain access to classified information. 2. INTRODUCTION Scope The project is confined to the intranet in an organization. This application makes sure that security services such as secrecy, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation are provided to the communicating parties. Objective This project has been developed keeping in view the security features that need to be implemented in the networks following the fulfillment of these objectives: †¢ To develop an application that deals with the security threats that arise in the network. †¢ To enable the end-users as well as the organizations come out with a safe messaging communication without any threats from intruders or unauthorized people. †¢ To deal with the four inter-related areas of network security namely Secrecy, Authentication, Non-repudiation and Integrity. Project Overview This application makes use of Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) along with a hash function. The hash code is provided as input to a signature function along with a random number generated for this particular signature. The signature function also depends on the sender’s private key and a set of parameters known to a group of communicating principals. This set constitutes a global public key. The result is a signature consisting of two components. At the receiving end, verification is performed. The receiver generates a quantity that is a function of the public-key components, the sender’s public key, and the hash code of the incoming message. If this quantity matches with one of the components of the signature, then the signature is validated. This application makes sure that the security services Authentication, Secrecy, Integrity, and Non-repudiation are provided to the user. †¢ This application allows to keep the information out of the hands of unauthorized persons. This is called Secrecy. †¢ It also deals with determining whom a person is communicating with before revealing sensitive information or entering a business deal. This is called Authentication. †¢ Non-repudiation deals with proving that a particular message was sent by a particular person in case he denies it later. Integrity makes sure whether a particular message has been modified or something has been added to it. The project mainly deals with maintenance of the above mentioned security services thereby allowing the users as well as the network organizations to keep track of intrusions and thus enhancing the security services. Existing sys tem These days almost all organizations around the globe use a messaging system to transfer data among their employees through their exclusive intranet. But the security provided is not of high standards. More and more unauthorized people are gaining access to confidential data. Disadvantages: †¢ The validity of sender is not known. †¢ The sender may deny sending a message that he/she has actually sent and similarly the receiver may deny the receipt that he/she has actually received. †¢ Unauthorized people can gain access to classified data. †¢ Intruders can modify the messages or the receiver himself may modify the message and claim that the sender has sent it. Proposed system The system will provide the following security services: Confidentiality: Confidentiality is the protection of transmitted data from passive attacks. Contents Introduction Overview of Diabetes Type I EssayIt uses an algorithm that is designed to provide only the digital signature function. Unlike RSA, it cannot be used for encryption or Key exchange. Nevertheless, it is a public-key technique. RSA Approach In the RSA approach, the message to be signed is input to a hash function that produces a secure hash code of fixed length. This hash code is then encrypted using the sender’s private key to form the signature. Both the message and the signature are then transmitted. The recipient takes the message and produces a hash code. The recipient also decrypts the signature using the sender’s public key. If the calculated hash code matches the decrypted signature, the signature is accepted as valid. Because only the sender knows the private key, only the sender could have produced a valid signature. where M = Message H = Hash Function E = Message Digest at the Sender’s side D = Message Digest at the Receiver’s side KRa = Sender’s Private Key KUa = Sender’s Public Key DSS Approach The Digital Signature Standard approach also makes use of a hash function. The hash code is provided as input to a signature function along with a random number generated for this particular signature. The signature function also depends on the sender’s private key and a set of parameters known to a group of communicating principals. This set constitutes a global public key. The result is a signature consisting of two components. where M = Message H = Hash Function KRa = Sender’s Private Key KUa = Sender’s Public Key KUG = Group Public Key r, s = Signature k = Random Number Sig = Signature Function Ver = Verification Function Disadvantage of RSA over DSA RSA does not use a hash function, it encrypts the message. The length of the encrypted code is same as that of the original message which leads to 100% overhead. This implies more processor overload and increase in processing time. DSA uses a hash function which takes large amounts of data and gives a fixed length message digest. This implies less overhead. Hence DSA is preferred over RSA for Digital Signatures. SECURE HASH ALGORITHM (SHA-1) This application makes use of the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1). The SHA-1 algorithm takes as input a message with a maximum length of less than 264 bits and produces as output a 160-bit message digest. The input is processed in 512-bit blocks. The processing consists of the following steps: Step 1 : Appending padding bits The message is padded so that its length is congruent to 448 modulo 512 (length = 448 mod 512). Padding is always added, even if the message is already of the desired length. Thus, the number of padding bits is in the range of 1 to 512. The padding consists of a single 1-bit followed by the necessary number of 0-bits. Step 2 : Append Length. A block of 64 bits is appended to the message. This block is treated as an unsigned 64-bit integer (most significant byte first) and contains the length of the original message (before the padding). Step 3 : Initialize MD buffer. A 160-bit buffer is used to hold intermediate and final results of the hash function. The buffer can be represented as five 32-bit registers ( A, B, C, D, E ). These registers are initialized to the following 32-bit integers (hexadecimal values): A = 67452301 B = EFCDAB89 C = 98BADCFE D = 10325476 E = C3D2E1F0 These values are stored in big-endian format, which is the most significant byte of a word in the low-address byte position. As 32-bit strings, the initialization values (in hexadecimal values) : word A = 67 45 23 01 ord B = EF CD AB 89 word C = 98 BA DC FE word D = 10 32 54 76 word E = C3 D2 E1 F0 Step 4 : Process message in 512-bit (16-word ) blocks. The heart of the algorithm is a module that consists of four rounds of processing of 20 steps each. The four rounds have a similar structure, but each uses a different primitive logical function, which we refer to as f1, f2, f3, and f4. Each round takes as input the current 512-bit block being proce ssed (Yq) and the 160-bit buffer value ABCDE and updates the contents of the buffer. Each round also makes use of an additive constant Kt, where 0

Miss Selfridge Fashion Forecasting Report free essay sample

Textile trade fairs confirmed the choices made for the seasons` prints and fabrics, also enabling Miss Selfridge to collect unique, affordable additions to its range and at the same time follow the styles invented by reputable fashion designers. The high street trading environment was closely analysed according to the PEST factors. According to the survey and this analysis the main competitor of Miss Selfridge was Zara and River Island, both of which target the same customers and have very similar price range. In this competitive economic environment making the right decisions were crucial to the success and survival of the business. After all of the resources were taken into consideration three trends were chosen to represent the Miss Selfridge style in 2012. While the target customer for this company is in her 20s, these trends have the potential to bring in a wider customer range because they are very versatile and different. We will write a custom essay sample on Miss Selfridge Fashion Forecasting Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Choosing three trends instead of one also gave an advantage to Miss Selfridge compared to other retailers; it enabled the company to develop an affordable yet diverse range which is based on multiple styles and colours from the catwalk. The chosen trends were Amazon Queen (for customers aged 18-40, Hand Made (for all ages) and Colour Coated (for the daring fashionistas aged under 30). The colours are the essence of the spring summer season in 2012. As Leatrice Eiseman, the executive director of the Pantone Colour Institute said : â€Å" consumers look to spring for renewed energy, optimism and the promise of a brighter day. â€Å" This is especially true in London as the great island does not often get a sunny weather. Miss Selfridge`s colour palette will deliver in every aspect, and while it follows the â€Å"catwalk shades† it will incorporate some new hues that will make the range unique /bright magenta, tangerine, amazon green/. The garments follow the silhouettes seen on the fashion weeks, the signature styles are asymmetric hemlines, rounded shoulders, cropped tops and hot pants. The skirts are either skin tight or light weight and flowing. To give the company a competitive edge, this year Miss Selfridge was advised to focus on a new, unique selling point: the use of British textiles and resources. The fabrics used for the new trends should be sourced locally with minimal travel undertaken, therefore reducing pollution to the environment and advertise sustainable living and eco-fashion. As the brand launched a major initiative named â€Å"Fashion Footprints† in 2007 this will serve as a great reminder that Miss Selfridge is an eco-conscious retailer. This will draw attention to the company again and will attract very different-minded, completely new customers. Making profit As the business environment is constantly changing every company that wants to be successful and make profit needs to understand and examine the three components of market evolution: the way in which customers adopt new products, the evolution and acceptance of technology and the impact of competition. Brassington, 2006, p. 350/ The lifecycle of a product changes according to the changes in customer behaviour so predicting and anticipating the target audience`s reaction is crucial. The concept of the diffusion of innovation (Rogers, 1962) analyse the speed at which a new innovation – product – sweeps across the market as a whole. It is also very effective in the classificatio n of customers depending on their speed of adoption. For Miss Selfridge the Innovators are the â€Å"shopaholic fashion followers†, who devote time and money to achieve the â€Å"just off the catwalk† look when the new season starts. Innovators are not the usual high street shoppers; they belong to a high social class with financial background to afford often couture, designer items. They are going help to get the product off the ground and in the process of gaining acceptance. They are the first â€Å"adverts† for the spring summer styles of 2012. Miss Selfridge`s Early adopters are the mid-20s high shoppers who are enthusiastic about fashion and while buying designer items they also visit high street stores. All the 3 trend developed will appeal to these customers who will have a major role in maximizing profit. They are also the ones who spread word-of-mouth recommendations about value, quality and benefits and together with the innovators they are the best advertisement for the company. The developed trends will thrive as the mass market builds up with the Early majority customers entering the process. By this time the season`s and Miss Selfridge`s new prints, fabrics and fashion forward styles will be well known which creates a social pressure: customers who are yet to invest in the season`s new hits will want to have them soon and will not be likely to wait until the prices come down. According to the results of the survey that Miss Selfridge conducted most of its customers belongs to this category. According to careful prediction the percentage of the company`s Late majority customers will be very low this season due to the affordable pricing and tempting, sleek designs. By the time the Late adopters enter the market and most of the sales begin Miss Selfridge will be in the process of developing and presenting the next season`s lines and the whole circle begins again. The adoption process models of Rogers (1962 and 1983) and Robertson (1971) reflect the psychological process that each customers go through when choosing an innovation. This is the process that all the customers – innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority – have in common. According to Roger`s theory the customer first gains KNOWLEDGE ( same as the stage AWARENESS in Roger`s 1962 model). Without this no product has any chance of surviving. For the Innovators this usually happens at the season`s first fashion shows or exhibitions.

Great Depression Essays (593 words) - Sports, Boxing, Film

Great Depression Essays (593 words) - Sports, Boxing, Film Great Depression Cut wages, growing unemployment, poverty, and suffering were unforgettable experiences during the Great Depression of the thirties. Many people learned to face these hard times with the help of famous sports figures. They gave hope and to many people pride in what they stood for to them. One of these great sports figures who helped Americans was boxer Joe Louis. In 1936 he fought the world champion Max Schmeling and had his first lose. Max Schmeling was a German boxer and the Nazis equated his victory over Joe Louis as a Nazi superiority over American democracy. Once again the two boxers, Joe Louis and Max Schmeling, fought in 1938 and this time Joe Louis won in the first round. This was an enormous lift for Americans. It was a victory for democracy. Joe Louis was also an inspiration to the African American people. He was a famous African American boxer and had beaten a German boxer who was as Hitler believed the perfect race. This gave the African Americans self-respect and pride in who they were. African Americans pointed with pride to athletes like Joe Louis, who was the world heavyweight boxing champion. (Cayton, Perry, Winkler, 764 ) Louis also went on to become a hero for the war effort and gave inspirational speeches. Jesse Owens great accomplishments on the track field made him one of the most famous in history. While on the Ohio State University track team in 1935 he set a world record in the broad jump (26 feet 8 1/4 ). In 1936 he set a new world record in the 100m. dash,(10.2 sec.). In 1936 as a member of the U.S. track team at the Olympic games in Berlin, Jesse Owens won four gold medals and set more new world records. This is an important moral buster to the American people, white and black, because once again it showed Nazis were not a superior race. An African American man had won four gold medals. This was humiliating and angered Adolf Hitler . His paramont victory at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin was made even more memorable when Adolf Hitler refused to award Owens his four gold medals because he was black. ( Encyclopedia 97 ) This was as much a victory for the American people as for Owens. It was especially important to the African Americans because it was an acknowledgement of his Olympic victories because he was black. Owens also helped the community by playing an active role in the youth athletic programs. An important athlete to the women of the thirties was Babe Didrikson Zaharias, the greatest woman athlete in the first half of the twentieth century... (encyclopedia 97) She excelled in every sport she played, swimming, basketball, track and field, and golf. In the 1932 Olympic games she set records in the javelin throw and the 80m. hurdle. Between 1936 and 1954 she won every woman's golf tournament she entered. Babe Didrikson was a ray of light for women who until this time really hadnt been able to really take part in sports. It made women proud and gave them someone to look up to. In conclusion the thirties were hard times but thanks to many great sport figures like Joe Louis, Jesse Owens, and Babe Didrikson Zaharias life had some moments of great pride and joy. People were allowed to feel good about themselves whether they were black, white, or woman. They gave us recognition as a united group, Americans who were notice around the world.

Bioethics of Euthanasia

Therefore, the family is also an institution which generates the same attachment to objectivity that encourages a certain set of goals. Ultimately though, it is one’s subjective experience that has it’s own social, physical, mental, and spiritual habits and attachments that cause the mind and body to perform and exist in a particular way. The overarching illegality of euthanasia across North America is supported by religious institutions which act as the sole moral platform for questioning the professional conduct of medical practitioners. The hegemonic belief that is fostered views euthanasia as a breach of non-maleficence, though doctors have and will likely continue to comply with life-ending aid in North America, regardless of recent deliberation regarding legislation. A legalization of euthanasia could ease tensions for physicians and patients dealing with chronic fatal health conditions, but would require specific criteria for legality. The debilitating suffering from a terminal illness should be the first criteria, as well as an autonomous request made by the sufficiently competent patient. Those who advocate for the legalization of euthanasia are part of a particular morality that sees beyond the mystical value of medical non-maleficence and opposes overarching institutional moralities that forbid life-ending decisions. Also of concern is the slippery slope argument, whereby any level of legal euthanasia would likely incite requests for more flexible criteria, publicly bringing into question the intangible value of human life. A central notion of biomedical ethics that stands as a major contender against the legalization of euthanasia is non-maleficence. To generally adhere to the principles of non-maleficence, physicians should not provide ineffective treatments to patients as these offer risk with no possibility of benefit and thus have a chance of harming patients. In addition, physicians must not do anything that would purposely harm patients without the action being balanced by proportional benefit (Beauchamp, 155). This benefit is not necessarily beneficial to the terminally ill individual who has requested euthanasia. The benefit referred to in the medical field is generally an extension of life and a restoration of health, which is not a reality for the terminally ill, rather a benefit might be an end to incurable suffering. Because many medications, procedures, and interventions cause harm in addition to benefit, the principle of non-maleficence provides little concrete guidance in the care of patients, and acts as a fairly weak argument against euthanasia. A helpful distinction when debating the validity of physician assisted suicide is that of ‘killing’ and ‘allowing to die’. If a patient is too frail to undergo restorative treatment, it can be said that the withholding of that treatment is allowing the patient to die. On the other hand, ‘killing’ entails taking action that would hasten the onset of death. There is considerable overlap between these two concepts, to the point that a clear distinction is not readily discernible (Beauchamp, 172). The prima facie nature of allowing a patient to die, as expressed by Beauchamp is acceptable under certain conditions whereby a medical technology is considered futile, or ineffectual, or a patient and/or surrogate decision maker has validly denied a medical technology (173). In the case that a patient is suffering unnecessarily, and has denied or been denied the opportunity for treatment due to severity of illness, should euthanasia not be an acceptable option? This action would undoubtedly fall under the category of ‘killing’, but if the nearest solution is the imminent death of a terminally ill patient, the concept of non-maleficence should not apply to a deliberate hastening of the patients’ biological shutdown. It can also be argued that fading to death in palliative care with little to no cognition is of little value, and coming from a strictly utilitarian perspective, in some cases, may be unnecessary. If an elderly patient has no immediate family, and is in the final stages of a degenerative disease, the option of the patient to deny extended care and hasten the imminence of death should ot be considered immoral. The approval of certain cases such as the example above would definitely introduce a ‘slippery slope’ argument whereby the notions and parameters of conducting euthanasia would be challenged, inflated, and publicly scorned. The infamous example of Dr. Kevorkian is indicative of the demand for physican-assisted suicide, and the flexible moralities of perhaps many physicians who are faced with the challenge of allowing a patient to pursue a hastened death. Michigan doctor Jack Kevorkian was convicted of second-degree murder for delivering a lethal injection to a 52-year-old man suffering from Lou Gehrig’s disease. It was the first time in five trials that Kevorkian was found guilty of a crime after participating in, by his count, at least 130 assisted suicides. Likened to â€Å"a medical hit man† by the prosecution, Kevorkian compared himself to Martin Luther King and told the court he was no more culpable than an executioner. The 70-year-old doctor had dared prosecutors to charge him and threatened a hunger strike if convicted. â€Å"Suicide†). The case of Kevorkian’s assisted suicides shows that public hegemonic belief places all burden on the physician involved, for it is technically legal to carry out or attempt suicide, but not with the aid of any other person, especially a clinician. These laws tend to make sense in every realm except the medical world, where euthanasia is an issue that arises with the terminally ill, and particular moralities strongly advocate for the right to die under certain circumstances, as illustrated by Kevorkian’s rash threats of a hunger strike if convicted. Obviously viewing himself as a liberator, Kevorkian’s particular morality quickly earned him a reputation, and having participated in over one hundred assisted suicides, he stands not as a reputable opposition to hegemony, but rather a moral pariah. Kevorkian’s comparison of his ‘moral fallacy’ with the conduct of an executioner is an interesting philosophical idea, and also illustrates the exclusivity of moral professionalism within the medical world. This is mostly apparent in the United States where there is a domination of privatized health care, and plenty of capital punishment. The application of morality is varied when it comes to death and dying, in a society where a 20 year old can be put to death for committing murder, and in the same society, a terminally ill, suffering patient cannot decidedly seek a peaceful death without moral intervention. In both cases, strong moral impositions are made, and guide the fate of both individuals. The convict has a chance at rehabilitation, and renewing his moral adherence and contribution to society, but is not rewarded the chance because his actions stripped him of his dignity. On the other hand, the dying patient is not permitted to seek assistance in death because common morality forbids it, much like the same common morality denies the convict a second chance. The patient is denied euthanasia because the hegemonic function of the medical field is to avoid non-maleficence, so according to the same morality, the criminal is denied rehabilitation and put to death because the function of the law is to appropriately punish offenders. This paradox shows how two distinct versions of the same common morality are stamped like a ‘cookie cutter’, yielding the anticipated results of the societal function: the patient can’t die because medicine is designed to keep him alive, and the criminal can’t live because capital punishment is designed to eliminate him. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to suggest that the application of euthanasia in the medical field should be acceptable in certain circumstances, and that exclusive clinical moralities should allow deliberation on the subject, and not continue to function in a ‘cookie cutter’ fashion. In Canada and the United States, laws distinguishing ‘active’ and ‘passive’ categories of euthanasia are divided into four sections: â€Å"deliberately killing persons who wish to die or assisting them in suicide (active voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide), deliberately killing persons whose wishes are unknown or opposed to such treatment (active involuntary euthanasia), withholding or withdrawing life-preserving means from those who do not want them used (forgoing treatment of competent individuals), and letting persons die by withholding or withdrawing life-preserving means when their wishes are unknown or when they want, or would tolerate, such means to be applied or maintained (forgoing treatment of incompetent individuals)† (Dickens, 136). According to these legal parameters, it would seem that active and passive euthanasia should only occur when indicated by the patient, living will, or a surrogate, such as active voluntary euthanasia, an d the forgoing of treatment to competent individuals. These two forms provide the patient with the moral decision to adopt the institutional values of their choice and affect their course of longevity and suffering. In the cases of active involuntary euthanasia, and the withholding of treatment from incompetent patients it can be said that, morally, the physician has no right to change the course of the patient’s treatment without clearance from a living will or surrogate. To conduct active involuntary euthanasia, or withhold treatment for no apparent reason indicated by the patient or surrogate, negligence would necessarily apply and represent the justified fault of the attending physician. Dealing with death is a subjective experience that generates fear, and causes humans to seek comfort in institutional beliefs, whether that be family, religion, other forms of spirituality, or modern medicine itself. Death reminds humans of their biological capacities and fleeting opportunities for experience in life, and generates a desire to medicalize suicide. â€Å"We want physicians to provide the means to end life in an antiseptically acceptable fashion. Knives, guns, ropes, and bridges tend to be messy. We seek a more aesthetically pleasing way of terminating life, one that leaves the patient looking dead, but not disgusting. For this, as in so much else in the 20th-century quest for happiness, we turn to the physician† (Paris, 33). Much like we seek aesthetic modifications from plastic surgeons, and mental stability from psychologists, we turn again to professional doctors for a method of dealing with the harsh reality of death. Though euthanasia may be an acceptable option for some people in certain sets of dire circumstances, it is the fear of death generated by the triumphs of medicine that provide the illusion that death and suffering are something a physician can cure. Medicinal miracles and the rise of technological medicine give people the impression that old losses are new triumphs, at least insofar as one can be kept alive for longer with chronic diseases. This notion sparks the fear of suffering before death, and that morbidity will be extended instead of compressed. Essentially then, it is the physician who bears all weight of the laws pertaining to euthanasia, which seems unjust when there is little more that medicine can do for a terminally ill patient than aid in their peaceful departure from life. The argument that legalized euthanasia would initiate the slippery slope, and â€Å"hospitals would become cruel and dehumanized places† are refuted by the suggestion and observation of the exact opposite (Schafer). As Schafer suggests, â€Å"experience has shown that what happened was exactly the opposite of what was predicted by the naysayers: Doctors and hospitals have become kinder and gentler, patients’ wishes are better respected than previously and society has come to accept the importance of individual autonomy at the end of life† (3). Clearly, the legalization of euthanasia would not entirely disrupt the nature of medical care in Canada, and with current debates indicating the possibility of change, society may undergo a change of ideas in the near future. The idea that euthanasia may provide a patient with more dignity at death than what is often referred to as ‘sedation to unconsciousness’ is becoming more common, and should not be deemed unacceptable next to palliative care. With the right safeguards in place, euthanasia should be one of many life-ending options available to Canadians near the end of their life, with palliative care being a morally adjacent decision. The subjective experience of death is one’s own, and even familial institution can only do so much to comfort the process of being terminally ill. Therefore it should be a decision of the patient to seek medical help, either in the form of sedation and longevity, or immediate peace. Bioethics of Euthanasia Therefore, the family is also an institution which generates the same attachment to objectivity that encourages a certain set of goals. Ultimately though, it is one’s subjective experience that has it’s own social, physical, mental, and spiritual habits and attachments that cause the mind and body to perform and exist in a particular way. The overarching illegality of euthanasia across North America is supported by religious institutions which act as the sole moral platform for questioning the professional conduct of medical practitioners. The hegemonic belief that is fostered views euthanasia as a breach of non-maleficence, though doctors have and will likely continue to comply with life-ending aid in North America, regardless of recent deliberation regarding legislation. A legalization of euthanasia could ease tensions for physicians and patients dealing with chronic fatal health conditions, but would require specific criteria for legality. The debilitating suffering from a terminal illness should be the first criteria, as well as an autonomous request made by the sufficiently competent patient. Those who advocate for the legalization of euthanasia are part of a particular morality that sees beyond the mystical value of medical non-maleficence and opposes overarching institutional moralities that forbid life-ending decisions. Also of concern is the slippery slope argument, whereby any level of legal euthanasia would likely incite requests for more flexible criteria, publicly bringing into question the intangible value of human life. A central notion of biomedical ethics that stands as a major contender against the legalization of euthanasia is non-maleficence. To generally adhere to the principles of non-maleficence, physicians should not provide ineffective treatments to patients as these offer risk with no possibility of benefit and thus have a chance of harming patients. In addition, physicians must not do anything that would purposely harm patients without the action being balanced by proportional benefit (Beauchamp, 155). This benefit is not necessarily beneficial to the terminally ill individual who has requested euthanasia. The benefit referred to in the medical field is generally an extension of life and a restoration of health, which is not a reality for the terminally ill, rather a benefit might be an end to incurable suffering. Because many medications, procedures, and interventions cause harm in addition to benefit, the principle of non-maleficence provides little concrete guidance in the care of patients, and acts as a fairly weak argument against euthanasia. A helpful distinction when debating the validity of physician assisted suicide is that of ‘killing’ and ‘allowing to die’. If a patient is too frail to undergo restorative treatment, it can be said that the withholding of that treatment is allowing the patient to die. On the other hand, ‘killing’ entails taking action that would hasten the onset of death. There is considerable overlap between these two concepts, to the point that a clear distinction is not readily discernible (Beauchamp, 172). The prima facie nature of allowing a patient to die, as expressed by Beauchamp is acceptable under certain conditions whereby a medical technology is considered futile, or ineffectual, or a patient and/or surrogate decision maker has validly denied a medical technology (173). In the case that a patient is suffering unnecessarily, and has denied or been denied the opportunity for treatment due to severity of illness, should euthanasia not be an acceptable option? This action would undoubtedly fall under the category of ‘killing’, but if the nearest solution is the imminent death of a terminally ill patient, the concept of non-maleficence should not apply to a deliberate hastening of the patients’ biological shutdown. It can also be argued that fading to death in palliative care with little to no cognition is of little value, and coming from a strictly utilitarian perspective, in some cases, may be unnecessary. If an elderly patient has no immediate family, and is in the final stages of a degenerative disease, the option of the patient to deny extended care and hasten the imminence of death should ot be considered immoral. The approval of certain cases such as the example above would definitely introduce a ‘slippery slope’ argument whereby the notions and parameters of conducting euthanasia would be challenged, inflated, and publicly scorned. The infamous example of Dr. Kevorkian is indicative of the demand for physican-assisted suicide, and the flexible moralities of perhaps many physicians who are faced with the challenge of allowing a patient to pursue a hastened death. Michigan doctor Jack Kevorkian was convicted of second-degree murder for delivering a lethal injection to a 52-year-old man suffering from Lou Gehrig’s disease. It was the first time in five trials that Kevorkian was found guilty of a crime after participating in, by his count, at least 130 assisted suicides. Likened to â€Å"a medical hit man† by the prosecution, Kevorkian compared himself to Martin Luther King and told the court he was no more culpable than an executioner. The 70-year-old doctor had dared prosecutors to charge him and threatened a hunger strike if convicted. â€Å"Suicide†). The case of Kevorkian’s assisted suicides shows that public hegemonic belief places all burden on the physician involved, for it is technically legal to carry out or attempt suicide, but not with the aid of any other person, especially a clinician. These laws tend to make sense in every realm except the medical world, where euthanasia is an issue that arises with the terminally ill, and particular moralities strongly advocate for the right to die under certain circumstances, as illustrated by Kevorkian’s rash threats of a hunger strike if convicted. Obviously viewing himself as a liberator, Kevorkian’s particular morality quickly earned him a reputation, and having participated in over one hundred assisted suicides, he stands not as a reputable opposition to hegemony, but rather a moral pariah. Kevorkian’s comparison of his ‘moral fallacy’ with the conduct of an executioner is an interesting philosophical idea, and also illustrates the exclusivity of moral professionalism within the medical world. This is mostly apparent in the United States where there is a domination of privatized health care, and plenty of capital punishment. The application of morality is varied when it comes to death and dying, in a society where a 20 year old can be put to death for committing murder, and in the same society, a terminally ill, suffering patient cannot decidedly seek a peaceful death without moral intervention. In both cases, strong moral impositions are made, and guide the fate of both individuals. The convict has a chance at rehabilitation, and renewing his moral adherence and contribution to society, but is not rewarded the chance because his actions stripped him of his dignity. On the other hand, the dying patient is not permitted to seek assistance in death because common morality forbids it, much like the same common morality denies the convict a second chance. The patient is denied euthanasia because the hegemonic function of the medical field is to avoid non-maleficence, so according to the same morality, the criminal is denied rehabilitation and put to death because the function of the law is to appropriately punish offenders. This paradox shows how two distinct versions of the same common morality are stamped like a ‘cookie cutter’, yielding the anticipated results of the societal function: the patient can’t die because medicine is designed to keep him alive, and the criminal can’t live because capital punishment is designed to eliminate him. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to suggest that the application of euthanasia in the medical field should be acceptable in certain circumstances, and that exclusive clinical moralities should allow deliberation on the subject, and not continue to function in a ‘cookie cutter’ fashion. In Canada and the United States, laws distinguishing ‘active’ and ‘passive’ categories of euthanasia are divided into four sections: â€Å"deliberately killing persons who wish to die or assisting them in suicide (active voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide), deliberately killing persons whose wishes are unknown or opposed to such treatment (active involuntary euthanasia), withholding or withdrawing life-preserving means from those who do not want them used (forgoing treatment of competent individuals), and letting persons die by withholding or withdrawing life-preserving means when their wishes are unknown or when they want, or would tolerate, such means to be applied or maintained (forgoing treatment of incompetent individuals)† (Dickens, 136). According to these legal parameters, it would seem that active and passive euthanasia should only occur when indicated by the patient, living will, or a surrogate, such as active voluntary euthanasia, an d the forgoing of treatment to competent individuals. These two forms provide the patient with the moral decision to adopt the institutional values of their choice and affect their course of longevity and suffering. In the cases of active involuntary euthanasia, and the withholding of treatment from incompetent patients it can be said that, morally, the physician has no right to change the course of the patient’s treatment without clearance from a living will or surrogate. To conduct active involuntary euthanasia, or withhold treatment for no apparent reason indicated by the patient or surrogate, negligence would necessarily apply and represent the justified fault of the attending physician. Dealing with death is a subjective experience that generates fear, and causes humans to seek comfort in institutional beliefs, whether that be family, religion, other forms of spirituality, or modern medicine itself. Death reminds humans of their biological capacities and fleeting opportunities for experience in life, and generates a desire to medicalize suicide. â€Å"We want physicians to provide the means to end life in an antiseptically acceptable fashion. Knives, guns, ropes, and bridges tend to be messy. We seek a more aesthetically pleasing way of terminating life, one that leaves the patient looking dead, but not disgusting. For this, as in so much else in the 20th-century quest for happiness, we turn to the physician† (Paris, 33). Much like we seek aesthetic modifications from plastic surgeons, and mental stability from psychologists, we turn again to professional doctors for a method of dealing with the harsh reality of death. Though euthanasia may be an acceptable option for some people in certain sets of dire circumstances, it is the fear of death generated by the triumphs of medicine that provide the illusion that death and suffering are something a physician can cure. Medicinal miracles and the rise of technological medicine give people the impression that old losses are new triumphs, at least insofar as one can be kept alive for longer with chronic diseases. This notion sparks the fear of suffering before death, and that morbidity will be extended instead of compressed. Essentially then, it is the physician who bears all weight of the laws pertaining to euthanasia, which seems unjust when there is little more that medicine can do for a terminally ill patient than aid in their peaceful departure from life. The argument that legalized euthanasia would initiate the slippery slope, and â€Å"hospitals would become cruel and dehumanized places† are refuted by the suggestion and observation of the exact opposite (Schafer). As Schafer suggests, â€Å"experience has shown that what happened was exactly the opposite of what was predicted by the naysayers: Doctors and hospitals have become kinder and gentler, patients’ wishes are better respected than previously and society has come to accept the importance of individual autonomy at the end of life† (3). Clearly, the legalization of euthanasia would not entirely disrupt the nature of medical care in Canada, and with current debates indicating the possibility of change, society may undergo a change of ideas in the near future. The idea that euthanasia may provide a patient with more dignity at death than what is often referred to as ‘sedation to unconsciousness’ is becoming more common, and should not be deemed unacceptable next to palliative care. With the right safeguards in place, euthanasia should be one of many life-ending options available to Canadians near the end of their life, with palliative care being a morally adjacent decision. The subjective experience of death is one’s own, and even familial institution can only do so much to comfort the process of being terminally ill. Therefore it should be a decision of the patient to seek medical help, either in the form of sedation and longevity, or immediate peace.

The current business environment is characterised by the importance of Essay

The current business environment is characterised by the importance of the investor and the drive for shareholder value - Essay Example When we talk about 'The current business environment is characterised by the importance of the investor and the drive for shareholder value' we will be talking in the perspective of Business and accounting managers. Henry Mitzberg, the Cleghorn professor of Management Studies, Mcgill University, started the debate by putting the blame on the students of Business Schools. He states that the 'Shareholder value is an antisocial dogma that has no place in a democratic societyIt breeds a society of exploitationsit is bad for business (Mitzberg, 2004, p 154). He alleges that the students of business schools get the impression that the organisations' share price is the only performance measure worth worrying about. Dr. Nick Tiratsoo of Nottingham University Business School has published a paper 'Mitzberg, shareholder value, and the business school: who has a case to answer' where he, tries to explore Mitzberg's argument about shareholder value and the business schools. He states, 'The conclusion offered that Mitzberg has substantially overstated his case, and thus clouded rather clarified a necessary debate about how business schools are to evolve in the future'. A corporation is essentially defined in terms of its legal status and the ownership of assets. Corporations are typically regarded as artificial persons in the eyes of the law. Corporations are notionally owned by shareholders. Managers and Directors have a fiduciary responsibility to protect the interests of the shareholders. It was Milton Freedman, who in his classic article 'The Social responsibility of business is to increase its profit vigorously' argued against the notion of social responsibilities of corporations. He professed that only the human beings have the moral responsibility for their actions. Its managers' responsibility to act solely in the interest of the shareholders. Social issues and problems are the proper province of the state rather than corporate managers. Freedman defines, 'A stakeholder in an organization is . Any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievements of the organizations' objectives.' Shareholder Value as defined by Value Based Management.net 'the definition of shareholder value is the value of the company minus the Future claims (debts). The value of the company can be calculated as the Net Present Value of all Future cash flows plus the value of the non operating assets of the company'. There is a great debate on the importance of Stakeholders Value over Shareholders Value. The Shareholder Value perspective emphasizes on Profitability over Responsibility. It relates the success of an organization by its share price, dividends and economic profit. The Stakeholders perspective on the other hand emphasizes on Responsibility over Profitability. It suggests that an organizations success should be measured by the satisfaction of its stakeholders i.e. customers, employees, society in general and also its shareholders. Sir Brian Pitman, senior Advisor, Morgan Stanley on his speech

HRM Case Study on You Never know Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HRM Case Study on You Never know - Essay Example Many deserving people are fighting to get a basic job which will at least pay their mortgage and on the other hand, people who cannot even read properly, let alone develop strategies for a company, get great jobs. Why is this? It all boils down to the resume. If someone has carefully crafted their resume by making even their simplest and easiest tasks show up as if they have climbed Mount Everest, it is obvious that it will impress the company. On the other hand, there are also those who are so gullible that they will not show up their most important experiences clearly so that they become overshadowed in the resume and don’t earn them as much credit as they deserve. The fault can also be ascribed to companies for not being thorough in their selection. More often than not they may drop a very worthy candidate’s resume in the bin just because the font was not right or his English Language might be a little weak. I personally know a case from â€Å"Reckitt & Benkiser† who rejected a girl candidate for their Management Trainee program because her father was a retired employee of â€Å"Unilever†. They might have had this assumption that she will pass on secrets to a rival company. Everyone does not make their own resume. As a business student I know that there might be a handful students who â€Å"really† know how to do this job well and everyone will come up to them to get their resume made. Either this, or there may be people who hire professional help to get their resumes made. This practice happens in abundance because companies look for, and hire, only those candidates who have a snappy line in their resume which will catch the eyes of the company. Writing a goal has never been tougher. Simply writing â€Å"to get a good job in a multinational company to make a career† is never enough. You have to write â€Å"explore my horizons in the prestigious working environment this company offers and make my time in this

The Importance of Harry Hoveden in Making History Essay example -- Mak

The Importance of Harry Hoveden in Making History In making history, Brian Friel uses Hugh O’Neill to define the characters in the play, and the way in which his actions affect them gives the audience some characteristics to decide on the personality of particular characters. Harry Hoveden is obviously an important character in the play because he plays a major part in the play, and appears in most of the major scenes. It is also clear that he is important to O’Neill because he is often the one person he turns to in times of crisis. Harry is presented as a very loyal and sober character by, he serves to balance out some of the other characters almost like a buffer. His calm nature in times of distress or excitement contrasts with the brash and aloof persona’s of other characters like O’Neill. As well as stabilizing the mood in the play as presented, if the play was reality, he would act as a soothing and calming presence to help particularly O’Neill. There is a direct link to his calmness and soothing nature in the comparison of him to dill. Every character i...

Cultural Relevance of Artwork Essay

The very spirit of an artwork remains in the time it was created. There is no better way to appreciate art than to understand its situational context, that is, the space and time of its creation. Works of art are like photographs taken in a particular time and place. In this paper we explore the situational context of three works of art: (1) Produced in the late seventeenth century, Wedding of Mary and Joseph is Peruvian painting; (2) Pierre-Auguste Renoir’s Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando (1879) shows two young Parisian girls; and (3) Figure of a Mother Holding a Child, created in the nineteenth century by an unknown Lulua artist (See Appendix). All three pieces of art tell interesting, unique tales about their makers and the conditions of their times. What’s more, layers upon layers of human thought through different times and places of human history may be unearthed through this process of art appreciation. Our present understanding of historical societies and cultures must also influence the process of interpreting a work of art. After all, one scholar may consider a painting with the eyes of a sociologist in our time, while another may be a trained psychologist. Such designations did not exist before now. Regardless of how an artwork is interpreted and with what lens and in which frame it is looked through; works of art stay alive as we glean historical information through them. As the following section on Wedding of Mary and Joseph shows, it is possible to develop various interpretations about the time and place of an artist even if researched historical information is there to assist us in our interpretation. Wedding of Mary and Joseph Produced by an unknown artist, Wedding of Mary and Joseph is an oil painting on canvas, depicting the couple getting married before the high priest who is clothed in a â€Å"richly flower-patterned hooded mantle (â€Å"Wedding of Mary and Joseph†). † There are clergymen assisting the high priest. Joseph is carrying his staff which has flowers at the top. Moreover, both the bride and bridegroom have golden halos. Ann, the mother of Mary stands right behind the bride. By Ann’s side is a suitor of Mary who has been rejected by God’s command. The suitor is shown breaking his staff, which has not flowered like the staff of Joseph (â€Å"Wedding of Mary and Joseph†). The painting is enriched by â€Å"gold stamping,† which â€Å"unifies the composition (â€Å"Wedding of Mary and Joseph†). † There are Peruvian flowers scattered on the ground where Mary and Joseph stand. This transfers the scene of the Bible from the Holy Land to Peru (â€Å"Wedding of Mary and Joseph†). Furthermore, it describes an important movement in Peruvian art history by the name of Cusco School (Bennett). Indeed, this painting accompanies a very important period in Peruvian history. Spanish colonization had not only managed to transfer the Spanish Inquisition to the Spanish territories around the globe, but also brought European art into Peru (Bennett). The Spanish Inquisition had claimed many lives in Europe. In Peru, the Inquisition had centered on the discovery of people who were Jews by birth, but had claimed to have converted to Christianity. These people were suspected to have gone back from Catholicism to Judaism. Thus, the Peruvian Inquisition was about punishing the Jews or converted Catholics for apostasy (Lea). The Peruvian Inquisition had taken place in the seventeenth century. Seeing that the sociopolitical environment of Peru revolved around religious affairs at the time, it is not surprising that the Christian, Peruvian artists started a new art movement – the Cusco School – to create religious art in particular (Bennett). As a matter of fact, the Wedding of Mary and Joseph is a perfect example of Cusco art. The Cusco School happens to be the largest movement of art in the Peruvian art history. The movement was represented by â€Å"mestizo painters and sculptors who produced countless depictions of religious figures adorned in gold (Bennett). † The Spanish colonizers had used religious art to teach Christianity to the New World. Subsequently, the native artists of Peru had begun to meld European art with their local style and tradition (Bennett). So, while the figures of Mary and Joseph in the Peruvian painting reveal European, Christian influence on the Peruvian artist; the flowers and long tailed birds of Peru scattered on the ground show that the artist continues to love his land despite colonization. The golden halos of the bride and the bridegroom are, of course, the signature of the Cusco School. Hence, the painting, Wedding of Mary and Joseph, reveals itself as an excellent tool to understand the culture of Peru with respect to Spanish colonization. By discovering more about the conditions of the artist’s time, history of the Americas may also be studied in great depth. Moreover, this painting helps viewers to appreciate how artists are influenced by their environments and the times. Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando Produced in another place and time altogether, renowned Parisian painter, Pierre-Auguste Renoir’s Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando (1879) shows two real girls, most probably between twelve and fifteen years of age, taking turns to perform their act at the circus (Mancoff). The facial and bodily expressions of the girls and their onlookers are open to any number of interpretations. One of the young girls is carrying balls around her chest while the other is communicating with the audience as part of her act. The girl who is communicating with the audience has a questioning, innocent expression on her face. The one who is carrying balls is possibly waiting for her turn to perform. She, too, is innocent and fresh in appearance as the other. However, she seems to be dwelling on her new experiences of semi-adulthood. Perhaps she is musing on the boys in her life – the young men who admire her very much. The audience depicted in the painting, behind the bodies of the two young girls, appears to consist of men alone after all. The men appear like judges, in their black coats, giving them the semblance of uniformed officers. Only one of the men has his face visible through the painting, and the face is hard enough for the girls to display their innocence in all its glory with the assumption that the counterpart of a harsh and doubtful attitude must be softness. Although the girl carrying the balls has her back turned toward the hard faced man, she knows that she too would have to perform. The expressions of the male and the females in Renoir’s Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando are rather similar to the expressions of the two sexes depicted in many of the artist’s works of the time. The woman is seen as the adored and innocent object that performs, even though the man is hard faced, perhaps weary of the work that he performs to fend for his family day after day. The woman is the amuser, the muse, and the object of entertainment to fend for. After all, she is beautiful (Norfleet). The only beautiful facet of the man is that he is strong – in Renoir’s paintings, at least. What is more, the man is always staring at the woman in Renoir’s works. He fondles her whenever he has the chance. The woman remains faithful to him – this is depicted through the innocence on her face. If she becomes unfaithful she knows that the hard faced man would discontinue supporting her. The French word for ‘thank you’ is merci, which, if used in English, perfectly describes the attitude of the woman in late nineteenth century Paris. Although Paris was one of the first places in the west where women were generally believed to have been liberated, Renoir’s painting reveals that the women were definitely not liberated through promiscuity or debauchery. Rather, the urban Parisian women in the late nineteenth century seem to have been given permission by their men to be out and about, entertaining them, while remaining faithful to their innocence as well as their marital vows (Norfleet). As the facial expression of the young girl carrying the balls in Renoir’s Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando reveals – women understood their position in Parisian society even as they were aware that men and women are equally dependent on each other. Then again, the painting remains open to numberless sociological interpretations. Figure of a Mother Holding a Child As our analysis of Renoir’s painting shows, it is possible to understand the situational context of a painting in any number of ways. Sociologists and historians may be more interested in discovering the history of society in a block of time. If psychoanalysts were to join in, there would be various intricacies of the human mind revealed through artworks. On that note, Figure of a Mother Holding a Child is a very interesting sculpture because there are multiple ways of understanding its import. On one hand, the sculpture is a perfect depiction of the pain of starvation that the African people have been experiencing for a long time, and that nobody outside of Africa has done anything consequential about – despite the fact that the entire world discusses it. On the other hand, it represents a ritual that the Lulua tribe of the Democratic Republic of Congo had practiced for its own survival (â€Å"Figure of a Mother Holding a Child†). The sculpture is that of a skinny, African female with an infant in her arms. The woman’s head is larger than her body. The bone lines on her neck are particularly telling. Even so, the bone lines on her neck and the wrinkles on her face had actually been created by the artist to show that the Lulua peoples had used scarification to adorn their bodies (â€Å"Lulua Tribe: Democratic Republic of Congo;† â€Å"Figure of a Mother Holding a Child†). Indeed, it is scarification that adorns the woman carrying the infant. Just the same the viewer is made to feel sorry for the woman and her child because they appear extremely poor. Made with wood and copper alloy, the woman in the sculpture has bulging eyes and a â€Å"pointed base (â€Å"Figure of a Mother Holding a Child†). † According to the Brooklyn Museum, the base was most probably â€Å"thrust into a pot containing earth and various bishimba, or materials of mineral, plant, animal, or human origin endowed with protective powers (â€Å"Figure of a Mother Holding a Child†). † In actuality, the sculpture had been created for a Lulua woman who had experienced difficulties in childbirth. The Lulua people believed that it was the evil spirit which interrupted the process of childbirth for women. So that the woman would attract the ancestral spirit of the Lulua tribe and get rid of the evil spirit, the artist gave her the sculpture to care for until delivery. The bulging eyes of the sculpture reveal that the woman is aware of the influence of the evil spirit that is stopping her from becoming a mother (â€Å"Lulua Tribe†). The Lulua peoples had migrated from western Africa to the Democratic Republic of Congo during the eighteenth century. These people lived in â€Å"small regional chiefdoms,† and therefore formed closely knit communities (â€Å"Lulua Tribe†). Because they were immigrants, they were rather concerned about their continuity. Moreover, the Lulua people believed that their sculptures had to be created for religious reasons (â€Å"Lulua Tribe†). The Lulua artists who created sculptures such as the Figure of a Mother Holding a Child must have had faith that they were carrying out their moral duty toward their own people. Indeed, the religious values of the Lulua people were guarded by their art. Sculptures of females were quite popular among them, as these figures exemplified â€Å"the union of physical and moral beautify (â€Å"Figurative Sculpture†). † The Lulua people believed in equating proper behavior with physical beauty (â€Å"Figurative Sculpture†). It can be inferred that the Figure of a Mother Holding a Child and all other sculptures created for the same reason were reminders for the Lulua people that the human body cannot be separated from morality. This principle is clearly exemplified by the bond between mother and child. Conclusion We focused on the political conditions surrounding the artist of Wedding of Mary and Joseph. Societal context of Renoir’s painting, Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando, was explored with a brief overview of gender relations in 19th century Paris. This study may have been conducted with historical information gleaned through novels, too. Finally, the cultural context of Figure of a Mother Holding a Child was explored. Although this discussion was centered on political, societal and cultural contexts of three works of art, it was clarified as part of the discussion that an artwork may be appreciated in any number of ways. There are countless theories and innumerable stories about the history of mankind. What is more, every piece of artwork tells a tale about the space and time of its artist alone. The work lives on as students of art and historians delve into paintings over and again. Any number of assumptions could be made about the situational context of an artwork thus. Perhaps, therefore, it is reasonable to state that a work of art has as many minds as interpreters as the number of people that consider the artwork through the passage of time. Moreover, only assumptions can be made about the situational context of an artwork. History is best left to those that lived it. After all, we only make educated guesses about what people of the past lived through to gather useful information for our lives in the present. Works Cited Bennett, Caroline. â€Å"Art and Architecture. † Viva Travel Guides. 11 Nov 2008. . â€Å"Figurative Sculpture. † Central African Art. 11 Nov 2008. . â€Å"Figure of a Mother Holding a Child. † Brooklyn Museum Collections: African Art. 11 Nov 2008. . Lea, Henry C. â€Å"Inquisition in 17th Century Peru: Cases of Portuguese Judaizers. † Modern History Sourcebook. 11 Nov 2008. . â€Å"Lulua Tribe: Democratic Republic of Congo. † For African Art. 2006. 11 Nov 2008. . Mancoff, Debra N. â€Å"Paintings by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. † How Stuff Works. 2008. 11 Nov 2008. .

Western Views of Women in Islam Essay - 1053 Words

Before venturing into the ideals and movements of Islamic feminism, it is important to recognize some of the biased views Westerners often take when it comes to women in Islam. Because of the portrayal of women in the Arab world through pop-culture and the media, some Westerners may believe that Islam creates a society in need of modernity. The concepts of religious government are also foreign to the Western world. Feminists often focus on the practice of veiling women in Islamic tradition as a law made to minimize the importance of women as citizens. It is important for us to recognize where our biased views exist, and what sorts of root assumptions we make about women in Islam. The truth is, Islamic culture†¦show more content†¦Many Muslim women desire Western feminists to accept women’s right to choose instead of being encouraged to follow a western model of liberation. Nationally known Islamic theologian Riffat Hassan says: â€Å"Koranic law does give women many rights, to own property, to be independent financially. They can keep their own names (when they marry). At the same time, what has happened is a lot like Judaism and Christianity. The law has developed within a patriarchal framework. If the Koran were properly implemented, there wouldn’t be any discrimination against women† (star trib, p. 1). Much of the appeal of Islam is its structure. Islam, like Catholicism, gives a place and a role to everyone, which in turn, gives a sense of security to each member. Many women find freedom in the structured life of Islam. Some women view customs such as veiling, as a way to distinguish themselves and their Islamic identity. Their lives are ordered by putting their spiritual lives first, praying five times a day, and finding unity within their community. 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